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Volume No. 1 Issue No. 6 June 2010 E-Bulletin edited and published by MITUL KANSAL for EMM KAY STAMP COINAGE DOM |
We need your letters, views, reports & articles on philatelic & numismatic activities in your area or region for publication here. You can send the same to kansalmitul@gmail.com or emmkayinternational@gmail.com and by post to –
My Contact Address- 336/14 Near Markanda Press, Shahabad Markanda, Distt. Kurukshetra, Pin 136135, Haryana, INDIA
Note: 1) We may edit & fact-check your entries for publication.
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3) If you’ve found this newsletter useful, recommend it to a friend. Better still, forward a copy of this issue. Also, please mention this newsletter when contacting other collectors.
Editorial
I have great pleasure in presenting you the LAST ISSUE OF GLOBAL EXPRESS. The response from our regular readers is excellent which proofs the grand success of this bulletin.
Philately is one of the popular hobbies. It not only instills a sense of history, especially in the youth but also cultivates the habit of presentation of our cultural heritage. This hobby has always been a mighty leveler, having ensnared monarchs and high dignitaries along with young school children whose delight knows no bounds at the sight of the first foreign stamp on a letter from a pen-friend.
In this issue I am including many scanned articles collected by me over the years. I hope you will enjoy them.
…MITUL KANSAL
Contents
- Dak Tikiton Mein Bapu- (Suman Saurabh April 2002)
- Ratan Tatha Aabhushan INDIPEX ASIANA 2000- (Suman Saurabh April 2002)
- Kahani Motercycle Ki- (Suman Saurabh April 2002)
- Kahani Christopher Columbus Ki- (Suman Saurabh April 2002)
- Europe Ke Liye Nayi Mudra: Euro Note Aur Sikkon Ki Suruvat- (Suman Saurabh April 2002)
- Kaise Dhale Jate Hain Sikke- (Suman Saurabh April 2002)
- Madhubanimethila Chitrakala- (Suman Saurabh April 2002)
- Bharat Ki Rashtriye Aur Antrashtriye Dak Ticket Pradarshniya- (Suman Saurabh April 2002)
- Manoranjan Hi Nahi Danoparjn Bhi Karate Hain Dak Ticket
- Mint (Coinage)- Microsoft Encarta 2008
- Bamra State Postal Stationary- Souvenir Cum Catalogue INDEPEX 97
- Agarwal Postage Stamps
- Global Warming- Guest Article
Mint (coinage)
Courtesy: Microsoft ® Encarta ® 2008.
Introduction
Mint (coinage) (Latin moneta,”mint” or “money”; derived from Moneta, a surname of the goddess Juno, whose temple at Rome was used for coining money), establishment for making coins, or pieces of metal designed to circulate as money. Before the coinage of money, trading had been accomplished either by exchange of goods in bulk or by use of granular or bar gold and silver in the settling of accounts. This system was cumbersome and inconvenient and acted as an obstacle to the expansion of commerce and industry. The invention of coinage, or minting, was a solution of this problem.
HISTORY OF COINAGE
Coins first appeared around the 6th century bc in the district of Lydia, in Asia Minor, at that time the principal industrial and trading country of the ancient world. During the next few centuries, a great many varieties of coins were issued by the Greek and other city-states. Under the Roman Empire, however, this multiplicity was ended, and the first important standardization of sizes, weights, and values of coins was inaugurated through the banning of private or unauthorized minting. Minting again became chaotic throughout Europe after the collapse of the empire of Charlemagne, Holy Roman emperor, in the 9th century. During the Middle Ages, hundreds of local authorities minted their own money, and kings, nobles, and individual cities all issued coins without regard to uniformity or general convenience. After the Norman Conquest, for example, as many as 70 mints existed in Britain alone. Later, centralized modern states made coin uniformity possible for wider areas.
STANDARD AND TOKEN COINS
Metallic coins may be either standard coins or token coins. Standard coins are made of standard monetary metal and are worth as much as or slightly more than the metal they contain. Token coins are those that have far greater nominal than metallic or intrinsic value; in this respect they are analogous to paper money. These coins usually consist of alloys of precious and base metals. The mints of most countries made both standard and token coins during the 19th century, but with the widespread abandonment of the gold standard between World Wars I and II, standard coins have been withdrawn from circulation in almost every part of the world.
MINTING PROCESS
Modern minting involves several distinct processes. The particular metal is first melted and cast into bars, which are then rolled into strips of uniform thickness and quality. These strips are run through machines that punch out circular metal disks, called planchets. The planchets are then checked for accuracy of weight. If they are too heavy, they are filed down at the edges, if too light, they are remelted and recast. The rims of acceptable planchets are rolled so as to project beyond the surface of the coins and protect them from wear. The planchets are then cleaned and, at the last stage in the process, struck by dies with the impression of the finished coin. Many types of coins also have their edges milled, that is, grooved, to expose later clipping or filing, in the case of standard coins, and to aid in their handling.
Very Special Guest Corner
GLOBAL WARMING
- By Mr. Himanshu Vijay Singh
THE DESTRUCTION of forest may be localized but its effects are global. Recently in comprehensive analysis of the potential effects of human made global warming in the proceeding of the National Academy of Sciences have predicted environment to be very close to an alarming stage. Predictions, are that more than half of the world’s major forest will be lost if global temperatures rise by an averages of three degrees or more by the end of the century. Extreme floods, forest fires and drought will also become more common over the next 200 years owing to climate change, University of Bristol. Dr.Scholze said that effects of a two degree centigrade newer inevitable.
This is the temperature rise that will happen, on average, l even if the world immediately stopped emitting greenhouse gases. A rise of 2 C to 3C will be proved enough to reducing the fresh water availability in parts of West Africa, Central America, Southern Europe, and the Eastern United States and raising the probability of drought in these areas. In contrast, the tropical parts of Africa and South America will be at the greater risk of flooding as trees are lost. Dr.Scholze says a global temperature rise of more than 3 degree will mean even less fresh water .And loss of forest in Amazonian and Europe, Asia Canada and Central America could reach 60 %.
The immediate cause of the global warming as predicted by the scientists is the emission of green house gases. And the main greenhouse gas is nothing but carbon dioxide. According to James .Wolfenson, former president of World Bank. “Our world is not only unbalanced, but also endangered. “Fenestration is increasing, with almost 100 million hectares-lost in last decade alone much of it is use to millions of poor farmers i Africa and Latin America being force to cut down trees because they have no other access to land or energy sources.
At the same time, carbon dioxide emission are rising: the European Union’s target is to cut green house gas emission by 8 percent by 2015, but with the current policies,only 0.5 percent will be achieve . Of the world’s fauna,12 percent of birds ,24 percent of mammals and 30 percent of the fish are either vulnerable or in immediate danger o extinction according to an estimation conducted by group of world’s scientist in 2004.
The environmental challenge is even starker in the developing countries, where five billion of the earth’s six where five billion people live. In these nations, the environmental is linked to human development an to poverty. More than a billion people in developing countries lack access to clean water. More than 2 billion have no access to basic sanitation. Millions of children is use to warehouse disease, such as diarrhea, and air pollution. But surprisingly richer countries o much of the environmental Damage .And victims are developing an under developed countries. Accounting for only 15 percent of the world’s population, they cause 50 percent of global carbon dioxide emission with all their implications for climate change. But the poorer countries pay u much of the “cost”-losing up to 8 percent of their GDP per year use to environmental degradation ,as well as suffering devastating effects on health and human welfare.
Rich countries’s large contribution of environmental damage means that they must shoulder greater responsibility for fixing the problem. That means changing the way they produce an consume energy reducibility subsidizes, ensuring appropriate pricing, and adequately taxing environmentally damaging products.
If the wear on environmental degradation is to be won, we need a major turnaround. Developed countries must set the example by moving towards environmentally friendly production and consumption patterns, including more control of greenhouse gas emission. We all are actually too late but time is still under control to make the right choices. For the sakes of future generations, we must act now.
